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Thyroid Function Test
The thyroid gland is one of the endocrine glands in the body that plays a role in regulating metabolism. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are relatively common conditions that require medical treatment. Hypothyroidism can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, depression, and dry skin, while hyperthyroidism can cause symptoms such as insomnia, anxiety, cardiac palpitations, and weight loss. To assess the thyroid gland, hormones like TSH, T3, T4, FT4, and FT3 are usually examined, as an increase or decrease in any of these parameters can indicate thyroid diseases.
The lipid profile test includes VLDL, triglycerides, LDL, HDL, and cholesterol. The blood levels of these parameters indicate the state of your blood lipids and whether you need medical treatment. It’s important to remember that elevated blood lipids can lead to cardiovascular diseases and an increased risk of heart attack.
This test examines a patient’s stool for infections, blood, white blood cells, and more. The results of this test can indicate gastrointestinal infections, gastrointestinal bleeding, and some metabolic disorders. A doctor can choose the appropriate diagnosis and treatment based on these results.
The complete blood count is the most common test among all tests and is usually requested for check-ups or initial diagnostic procedures. The complete blood count examines red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, platelets, and more. An increase or decrease in any of these parameters can indicate normal conditions, simple illnesses like a cold, or serious diseases.
The Pap smear test is used to examine cervical cells. Cervical cancer can be detected at an early stage through Pap smear screening. Women above the age of twenty-one who are sexually active are recommended to have a Pap smear test annually.
Urine Analysis (UA)
Urine analysis is used for the initial assessment of urinary tract and kidney diseases. If symptoms such as urinary burning, lower abdominal pain, or flank pain are present, a doctor usually requests a urine analysis as the first step for the patient. Urine analysis includes the examination of infections, blood, white blood cells, crystals, urine acidity, and more. A doctor can determine the appropriate treatment or request further tests based on the interpretation of each parameter.
Diabetes, or high blood sugar, is one of the most common metabolic disorders worldwide, affecting hundreds of millions of people globally and millions in Iran. The fasting blood sugar test is used to assess blood sugar levels. A blood sugar level between 60 and 99 mg/dL is considered normal. Levels between 100 and 125 mg/dL indicate a risk of developing diabetes, and lifestyle modifications are recommended to prevent it. A fasting blood sugar level above 126 mg/dL indicates diabetes, and medical treatment is necessary.
Vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium absorption and bone formation. This nutrient can be obtained through diet and sunlight exposure. Vitamin D deficiency is common in Iran; therefore, assessing its levels is important for improving bodily functions. In cases of deficiency, consulting a doctor is recommended. Vitamin D deficiency might be associated with parathyroid gland disorders.
Magnesium is one of the elements present in the blood and is the fourth most abundant element in the human body. Magnesium has a direct relationship with calcium and phosphorus, and its decrease or increase can indicate a disease. Magnesium plays a role in the absorption of calcium, as well as the function of vitamin D, muscle function, and numerous other natural reactions in the body.
17-Hydroxyprogesterone
(17OH PROGESTERONE)
17-Hydroxyprogesterone (17OH PROGESTERONE) is one of the sex hormones produced by the adrenal gland above the kidney. This hormone is also secreted by the corpus luteum in females and disruptions in its structure and levels during fetal and neonatal periods can lead to disorders of sexual organs in infants. It is also studied in women with menstrual disorders, excessive hair growth on the chest and body, and hair loss.
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) is a liver enzyme that is examined to assess the status and function of the liver. This enzyme increases in liver diseases and bile duct disorders and, when considered alongside other liver tests, aids the doctor in diagnosing the type of disease. It is also used to monitor liver diseases.
Serum Albumin (ALB) is one of the proteins present in the blood and is responsible for various functions such as transporting certain elements. Albumin is produced in the liver, and a decrease in it indicates liver diseases. Reduced albumin in the body leads to edema and overall body swelling. Individuals with kidney problems excrete albumin through the kidneys, resulting in reduced serum albumin.
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALK-P) is an enzyme naturally present in the blood but its increase indicates liver diseases, bile duct disorders, or even bone disorders. Very high levels of alkaline phosphatase, along with a less pronounced increase in liver enzymes, indicate bile duct obstruction. The doctor must take further actions, including imaging, to confirm the diagnosis.
Serum Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a tumor marker, indicating the levels and activity of cells and cancerous tumors. AFP is used to diagnose tumors in testes, kidneys, ovaries, liver, etc., and also to monitor the response to treatment for these diseases.
Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide (Anti CCP) antibodies are produced by the body’s immune cells to defend against foreign agents. If the body starts producing these antibodies without a valid reason and they attack the body, it leads to autoimmune diseases. One of the antibodies examined in autoimmunity is Anti CCP.
Anti-Nuclear Antibodies (ANA) Test detects anti-nuclear antibodies in your blood. Your immune system usually produces antibodies to help fight infections. In contrast, anti-nuclear antibodies often attack tissues in your body, specifically targeting cell nuclei. A positive ANA test typically indicates an inappropriate immune system attack on your own tissues – in other words, an autoimmune reaction. However, some healthy individuals may also have a positive ANA test.
Serum Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) Test is often used to assess a woman’s ability to produce eggs that can result in fertility. A woman’s ovaries can produce thousands of eggs throughout her fertile years. As a woman’s age increases, this number decreases. AMH levels help indicate the potential number of egg cells in a woman.
Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) Antibodies cause an attack on the thyroid and lead to Hashimoto’s disease. In cases where a physician suspects thyroid overactivity, this test helps reach an accurate diagnosis.
The spike protein is a surface protein on the SARS-CoV virus that the human body produces antibodies (immunoglobulins) against. The level of these antibodies increases after COVID infection or vaccination.
At the onset of COVID infection, the human body produces IgM antibodies, and after a few days, IgG antibodies are generated, which provide long-term immunity. Measuring these antibodies is used to assess the level of immunity, but they are not recommended for diagnosing COVID.
This test measures liver enzymes and is also elevated in liver diseases, bile duct disorders, pancreatitis, and alcohol consumption
After fertilization, BHCG increases in the blood. Measuring this parameter can definitively determine pregnancy
Red blood cells break down over time, and one of their byproducts is bilirubin. High levels of bilirubin can lead to jaundice. Elevated serum bilirubin can be due to liver problems or intravascular hemolysis.
A significant amount of bilirubin is subjected to a process in the liver to become neutralized. The bilirubin resulting from this process, called conjugation, is referred to as direct bilirubin or conjugated bilirubin.
Blood groups include A, B, AB, and O, and based on the Rh factor, they are categorized into positive and negative groups. Knowing one’s blood type is crucial, especially in critical situations requiring a blood transfusion.
A common blood test, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), provides important information about overall kidney function. BUN measures the amount of nitrogen in urea in the blood. BUN testing and creatinine measurement are widely used for kidney assessment and checkups.
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